EDITORES:
JOSEP M. MATA–PERELLÓ
MARK A. HUNT ORTIZ
ENRIQUE ORCHE GARCÍA
EDICIÓN A CARGO DE LA SEDPGYM Y DEL
EXCMO. AYUNTAMIENTO DE LOGROSÁN
PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO:
DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN A LA DIFUSIÓN
ACTAS DEL XV CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE
PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO
XIX SESIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE LA SEDPGYM
Congreso en memoria de Vicente Sos Baynat y Craig Merideth
LOGROSÁN (CÁCERES, ESPAÑA)
2015
XV CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO. XIX SESIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE
SEDPGYM. LOGROSÁN, 2014. ISBN 978 – 84 – 693 – 1675 – 7. Pp. i-xvi.
Foto portada: Castillete de mamposteria del Pozo Calle. Minas de Logrosán.
Fotografia de Paqui Piñas
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PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO:
DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN A LA DIFUSIÓN
ACTAS DEL XV CONGRESO
INTERNACIONAL SOBRE
PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO
XIX SESIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE LA
SEDPGYM
Congreso en memoria de
Vicente Sos Baynat y Craig Merideth
LOGROSÁN (CÁCERES, ESPAÑA)
25 – 28 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2014
Organizadores
SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA PARA LA DEFENSA DEL PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO
EXCMO. AYUNTAMIENTO DE LOGROSÁN
Entidades colaboradoras
GOBIERNO DE EXTREMADURA
DIPUTACIÓN DE CÁCERES
GEOPARQUE VILLUERCAS-IBORES-JARA
ASOCIACIÓN GEOLÓGICA DE EXTREMADURA
INSTITUTO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO DE ESPAÑA
RED ELÉCTRICA DE ESPAÑA
UNIVERSIDAD DE EXTREMADURA
SENDERO INTERNACIONAL DE LOS APALACHES
APRODERVI
TECMINSA, S.L.
EGEOMAPPING, S.L.
ARQUEOPRO, ESTUDIO DE ARQUEOLOGÍA Y PATRIMONIO HISTÓRICO
Editores
Josep María Mata-Perelló, Mark A. Hunt Ortiz, Enrique Orche García
Logrosán
2015
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XV CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO. XIX SESIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE
SEDPGYM. LOGROSÁN, 2014. ISBN 978 – 84 – 693 – 1675 – 7. Pp. i-xvi.
Editores: Josep María Mata-Perelló, Mark A. Hunt Ortiz y Enrique Orche García
Patrimonio geológico y minero: de la investigación a la difusión. Actas del XV Congreso
Internacional sobre Patrimonio geológico y minero. XIX Sesión científica de SEDPGYM.
Logrosán (Cáceres). 2015
Número de páginas: 810.
ISBN 978-84-693-1675-7
© Autores y editores
Editores: Josep María Mata-Perelló (1), Mark A. Hunt Ortiz (2), Enrique Orche García (3).
(1) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Departamento de Ingeniería Geológica. C/Ríos Rosas
21, 28003 Madrid.
(2) Arqueopro, Estudio de Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico y Grupo de Investigación
HUM-694, Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología. C/ María de
Padilla s/n, 41004 Sevilla.
(3) SEDPGYM. C/ Valencia 7, 36203 Vigo.
Los trabajos que a continuación se exponen, han sido enviados a la organización del XV
CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO. XIX
SESIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE LA SEDPGYM. Corresponden a los originales entregados por los
autores, de cuyo texto, contenido y opiniones son responsables. Las únicas modificaciones que
se han realizado han sido de ajuste de formato de aquellos artículos que no han respetado las
normas de edición.
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I. NOTA DE LOS EDITORES
Este volumen recoge los artículos presentados como ponencias, comunicaciones y posters en el
XV CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO.
XIX SESIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA PARA LA DEFENSA DEL
PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO (SEDPGYM), celebrado durante los días 25 a 28
de septiembre de 2014 en Logrosán (Cáceres).
Además de los objetivos generales que se pretenden conseguir a través de los Congresos
Internacionales que la SEDPGYM viene organizando desde 1994 (la promoción del estudio,
recuperación, conservación y difusión del Patrimonio Geológico y Minero), en el caso del XV
Congreso celebrado en Logrosán se plantearon desde el principio objetivos más específicos:
potenciar el conocimiento de ese Patrimonio en el ámbito del Geoparque Villuercas-IboresJara, declarado como tal en 2011, y dar especial relevancia a la investigación y difusión de los
Geositios Mina Costanaza (con su Centro de Interpretación y Museo asociados) y Cerro de San
Cristóbal, inmediatos a la población de Logrosán. Precisamente la investigación geológica y
arqueológica del Cerro de San Cristóbal fue iniciada por los investigadores a cuya memoria
estuvo dedicado el Congreso Internacional: los doctores Vicente Sos Baynat y Craig Merideth.
Con esa intención, a través de la invitación a grupos de investigación de distintas universidades
de España, Portugal, Alemania y Reino Unido, se incidió particularmente en este Congreso en
aspectos geológicos y del Patrimonio minero-metalúrgico relacionados con la explotación del
estaño en la Antigüedad, como queda patente en el contenido de estas Actas.
Son obligados numerosos agradecimientos, incluyendo a las Entidades Colaboradoras, a los
especialistas que sirvieron de guías en las excursiones pre (Geoparque Villuercas-Ibores-Jara)
y post (Mina Costanaza-Cerro de San Cristóbal) congresuales y a las autoridades y
responsables políticos (especialmente del Gobierno de Extremadura y del IGME) que apoyaron
con su presencia y participación esta reunión científica. La exposición de sus trabajos por parte
del numeroso elenco de congresistas internacionales es fundamentalmente lo que ha
configurado el éxito del Congreso, que ahora queda plasmado en la publicación de las Actas.
Queremos resaltar especialmente la asistencia y las contribuciones realizadas al Congreso por
el Dr. Alejandro Sos Paradinas, hijo de D. Vicente, y de Phil Andrews y Brenda Craddock, que
fueron miembros del equipo de investigación del Dr. Merideth.
Este Congreso no se podría haber llevado a cabo sin la eficaz participación del Excmo.
Ayuntamiento de Logrosán, cuya entonces alcaldesa, Dª María Isabel Villa Naharro, puso a
nuestra disposición los medios necesarios para asegurar su correcta organización y buen
desarrollo, especialmente a través de la colaboración imprescindible de las técnicas
municipales Dª Maripaz Dorado y Dª Paqui Piñas. Le agradecemos al actual alcalde, D. Juan
Carlos Hernández Martínez, haberse hecho cargo de la publicación de estas Actas,
respondiendo así al compromiso institucional adquirido por la anterior corporación.
Esperamos que la celebración en Logrosán (Cáceres) del XV Congreso Internacional sobre
Patrimonio Geológico y Minero y la publicación en este volumen de sus Actas sirvan, en
relación con el subtítulo del Congreso “…de la investigación a la difusión”, para fomentar la
investigación de ese Patrimonio y su reversión a la Sociedad y para la concienciación de su
importancia científica y cultural y de importante factor para lograr un desarrollo sostenible.
Josep M. Mata-Perelló,
Mark A. Hunt Ortiz
Enrique Orche García
Diciembre de 2015
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II. ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS
II.1. PONENCIAS
TIN ISOTOPES AND THE SOURCES OF TIN IN THE EARLY BRONZE
AGE ÚNĚTICE CULTURE
B. NESSEL, G. BRÜGMANN, E. PERNICKA ………………………………………........... 1
LA PRIMERA MINERÍA Y METALURGIA DEL ESTAÑO EN LA
PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA: APORTACIONES AL ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN
B. COMENDADOR, E. FIGUEIREDO, J. FONTE, E. MEUNIER ................................... 21
ESTUDIOS Y EXPLOTACIÓN MINERA DEL BATOLITO GRANÍTICO DE
LOGROSAN (CÁCERES,.ESPAÑA) POR EL PROFESOR
VICENTE SOS BAYNAT
A. SOS ……………………..……………………………….……………...……….……... 41
CRAIG MERIDETH, EL CERRO DE SAN CRISTÓBAL
(LOGROSÁN, CÁCERES) AND LATE BRONZE AGE TIN
P. ANDREWS …………………………………………….……………………………..…. 51
LA EXPLOTACIÓN PROTOHISTÓRICA DEL ESTAÑO EN EL
CERRO DE SAN CRISTÓBAL DE LOGROSÁN (CÁCERES)
A. RODRÍGUEZ, I. PAVÓN, D. M. DUQUE, M. A. HUNT …………………….….…...... 63
EL YACIMIENTO DE FOSFATO DE LOGROSÁN (CÁCERES, ESPAÑA):
MITO, CIENCIA Y PROGRESO
E. BOIXEREU ………………………………………………………………….……….…... 87
EL PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO - MINERO DEL GEOPARQUE
VILLUERCAS-IBORES- JARA (PROVINCIA DE CÁCERES, ESPAÑA)
F. J. FERNÁNDEZ-AMO, E. REBOLLADA …….…………………………..……..…… 105
EL GEOPARQUE VILLUERCAS-IBORES-JARA Y SU IMPACTO
MÚLTIPLE EN EL ÁREA DE INFLUENCIA
J. M. BARRERA ………………………………………………….…….…… …………….129
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II.2. COMUNICACIONES
II.2.1. PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO
“ROSMANINHAL, TERRA DO OURO”: ETNOMINEROLOGIA E
PATRIMÓNIO GEOLÓGICO: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA MUSEOLÓGICA
PARTICIPATIVA NO GEOPARK NATURTEJO, PORTUGAL
E. CHAMBINO, C.N. CARVALHO, J. RODRIGUES ....................................................... 145
EL ALABASTRO: SIGNO DE IDENTIDAD DE SARRAL, TARRAGONA
P. ALFONSO, M. GARCIA-VALLES,V. TORRAS, J.M. MATA-PERELLÓ………..….. 177
DOCUMENTAL SOBRE EL PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO DEL
ESTRECHO DE BOLVONEGRO (MORATALLA, MURCIA)
F. GUILLÉN, A. DEL RAMO ………………………….…….…………………………... 187
INVENTARIO PRELIMIAR DEL PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO DE
LA COMARCA DE HUÉSCAR (GRANADA)
J.F. ROSILLO, F. GUILLÉN, M.A. ALIAS, A. SÁNCHEZ, L. ARRUFAT,
C. DÍAZ ……………………………………………………………..………..…………….. 203
DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO
DE LA COMARCA ARAGONESA DEL BAIX CINCA / BAJO CINCA
(HUESCA y ZARAGOZA)
J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ, J. SANZ, F.CLIMENT, J. VILALTELLA ..………………..… 221
DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO
DE LA COMARCA ARAGONESA DE LA JACETÁNIA / CHACETANIA
(HUESCA Y ZARAGOZA)
J. VILALTELLA, J. S. PUIG, J.M. MATA-PERELLÓ, J. SANZ ……………………..… 229
II.2.2. PATRIMONIO MINERO
EL PAISAJE MINERO DEL VAL DE ARIÑO (TERUEL): RECUPERACION
SOSTENIBLE FINALIZADA LA ACTIVIDAD EXTRACTIVA
A. PIZARRO ….…………………………………………….…………………….……….. 235
EL PATRIMONIO DE LA MINERÍA SUBTERRÁNEA DE CARBÓN DE
LA CUENCA DEL GUADIATO
V.A. CANO, M.C. GARCÍA, A. MOYANO, M. MUÑOZ, M. RUÍZ ……………….…… 255
LAS MINAS DE MERCURIO DE ALMADENEJOS, UN PATRIMONIO
MINERO EN PELIGRO
A.HERNÁNDEZ, E. ALMANSA, M. SILVESTRE ………………………………………. 279
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EL INVENTARIO DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO TANGIBLE. FICHAS
PARA LA CONSULTA DE LOS LIPM (LUGARES DE INTERÉS DEL
PATRIMONIO MINERO)
J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ, F.CLIMENT, J. VINYES, C. RUBIO ……….…….…………. 289
LA FUENTE DE TRONCOSO, ORIGEN DEL BALNEARIO DE MONDARIZ:
UN PATRIMONIO CULTURAL Y MINERO ABANDONADO A SU SUERTE
E. ORCHE, M. P. AMARÉ, M. P. ORCHE ……………….………………………….....… 291
PROPUESTA DE EVALUACIÓN INICIAL DE RIESGOS LABORALES
EN LOS PARQUES MINEROS Y LAS MINAS MUSEALIZADAS
E. ORCHE, M. P. ORCHE ………………………..………….……………………………. 323
LA MINERÍA Y EL PATRIMONIO MINERO EN EL GEOPARC
DE LA CATALUNYA CENTRAL
F. CLIMENT, J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ, J. VINYES, C. RUBIO …………...…………. 343
RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES DEL INVENTARIO DE ELEMENTOS
MINERO-INDUSTRIALES DEL GEOPARQUE PARQUE NATURAL
SIERRA NORTE DE SEVILLA (ESPAÑA)
M. P. ORCHE, A. GIL, R. PÉREZ DE GUZMÁN ……………………………………... 353
CREACIÓN DE UN NUEVO RECORRIDO GEOTURÍSTICO EN LA
ANTIGUA EXPLOTACIÓN MINERA DE CERRO DEL HIERRO,
GEOPARQUE-PARQUE NATURAL SIERRA NORTE DE SEVILLA (ESPAÑA)
A. GIL, R. PÉREZ DE GUZMÁN, M.P. ORCHE …………...………....…...................… 373
DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO
DE LA COMARCA VALENCIANA DEL ALT MAESTRAT
(CASTELLÓN / CASTELLÓ)
J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ, V. CARDONA, P. ALFONSO, F.CLIMENT,
D. PARCERISAS, F. BRAVO, J. VILALTELLA………………………………………… 391
DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO
DE LA COMARCA VALENCIANA DEL BAIX MAESTRAT
(CASTELLÓN / CASTELLÓ)
J. VILALTELLA, F. BRAVO, J. M. MATA PERELLÓ, V. CARDONA,
P. ALFONSO, F.CLIMENT, D. PARCERISAS …...……………………..............………. 403
DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO
DE LA COMARCA NATURAL VALENCIANA DE LA TINENÇA DE
BENIFASSÀ (CASTELLÓN / CASTELLÓ)
J. VILALTELLA, F. BRAVO, J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ, V. CARDONA,
P. ALFONSO, F.CLIMENT, D. PARCERISAS ……………….………………………… 415
DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO
DE LA COMARCA VALENCIANA DE ELS PORTS
(CASTELLÓN / CASTELLÓ)
J.S. PUIG, J. VILALTELLA, F. BRAVO, J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ,
V. CARDONA, P. ALFONSO, D. PARCERISAS ………………………………….……. 423
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DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO
DE LA COMARCA VALENCIANA DEL CAMP DE MORVEDRE
(VALÉNCIA / VALÈNCIA)
J.S. PUIG, J. VILALTELLA, J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ, V. CARDONA,
P. ALFONSO, D. PARCERISAS……………………………..…………………………… 437
DATOS PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO
DE LA COMARCA CATALANA DEL PRIORAT
(REGIÓN DE REUS - TARRAGONA)
J. M. MATA-PERELLÓ, J. SANZ, F. BRAVO, F.CLIMENT, J. VILALTELLA…......… 445
II.2.3. ARQUEOLOGÍA
IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ANTIGUAS LABORES MINERAS ROMANAS
EN EL NOROESTE PENINSULAR CON TECNOLOGÍA LiDAR
DE ALTA RESOLUCIÓN
J. FERNÁNDEZ, G. GUTIERREZ…….………………………………………………… 459
EVIDENCIAS DE MINERÍA HIDRÁULICA ROMANA EN LA
SIERRA DE PIAS (VALONGO, PORTUGAL)
R. MATÍAS, J. FONTE, A. LIMA, A. MONTEIRO, V. GRANDA,
J. MOUTINHO, J. SILVA, P. AGUIAR ……………………………………………..…… 481
MINERÍA AURÍFERA ROMANA EN EL CAMPO FILONIANO
LUCILLO-VILLALIBRE. SIERRA DEL TELENO (LEÓN-ESPAÑA)
R. MATÍAS, S. GONZÁLEZ-NISTAL ……...………………………………………..…… 499
DELIMITACIÓN DE UN NUEVO Y EXTENSO YACIMIENTO AURÍFERO
PRIMARIO EN LA SIERRA DEL TELENO (LEÓN-ESPAÑA) SIGUIENDO
LAS EVIDENCIAS DE MINERÍA ROMANA
R. MATÍAS, S. GONZÁLEZ-NISTAL ……….……………………………………...…… 519
SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y BASES DE DATOS
PARA EL CONOCIMIENTO DE LA MINERÍA Y LA METALURGIA DEL
BRONCE, EL ORO Y LA PLATA EN EL ORIENTALIZANTE EXTREMEÑO
J. M. MURILLO ……………………………...………………………………...…………. 543
MINERÍA HISTÓRICA Y PREHISTÓRICA EN ILLA DEN COLOM (MAHÓN,
MENORCA)
L. PERELLÓ, B. LLULL, M.A. HUNT …………………………………………………… 569
NUEVAS LÍNEAS DE ESTUDIO HISTÓRICO ARQUEOLÓGICO
DE LAS CANTERAS DE MÁRMOL DE ALMADÉN DE LA
PLATA (SEVILLA, ESPAÑA)
R. TAYLOR ………………………………………….…………..……...……………..…… 589
MINERÍA HISTÓRICA EN PERALEDA DE SAN ROMÁN (CÁCERES)
S. DE LA LLAVE, A. ESCOBAR ………………………………………………...…..…… 601
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II.2.4. HISTORIA DE LA MINERÍA
CENTENARIO DE UNA EXPLOTACIÓN HULLERA QUE AÚN RESPIRA:
El POZO SOTÓN (SAN MARTÍN DEL REY AURELIO, ASTURIAS)
P. FANDOS ……………………………………………………………………………..… . 617
EL TESORO DE LOS LAGOS MILIARIOS ASTURIANOS. CENSO DE
LAGUNAS RELACIONADAS CON ANTIGUAS MINERÍAS EN LAS
SIERRAS DE ASTURIAS: ARAMO, CUERA, FANFARAÓN,
OUROSO, SUEVE, ETC.
P. FANDOS ……………………………………………….………………………….…… 645
CAVERNAS CACEREÑAS QUE PUDIERON HABER SIDO ANTIGUAS
MINAS. INVENTARIO INICIAL EN LA PROVINCIA DE CÁCERES
DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LAS CAVERMINAS
P. FANDOS ........................................................................................................................... 667
MINAS DE “CARVÃO DE PEDRA” DE VALVERDE E CABEÇO DO
VEADO (PORTUGAL): INTERMITÊNCIA E PERSISTÊNCIA
J. M. BRANDÃO, P. CALLAPEZ … ……………………….….…………………………. 697
DIEGO DE LARRAÑAGA, UN INGENIERO DE MINAS QUE CAMBIÓ LA
EXPLOTACIÓN MINERA EN LAS MINAS DE ALMADÉN (CIUDAD REAL)
L. MANSILLA, A. GALLEGO-PRECIADOS ……..………………………………….…. 717
POLÉMICA CIENTÍFICO-TECNOLÓGICA Y CONFLICTOS EN EL
SIGLO XIX A CAUSA DE UN PROYECTO DE LEY QUE RESERVABA AL
ESTADO LAS MINAS DE FOSFORITA DE LOGROSÁN, Y
CUALESQUIERA OTRAS DEL REINO
J. PASTOR, J. D. PASTOR, J. F. PASTOR, Á. PÍRIZ ………….………………….…… 737
II.2.5. PROTECCIÓN Y VALORIZACIÓN DEL
PATRIMONIO GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO
PUESTA EN VALOR DEL PATRIMONIO MINERO EN CONTEXTOS
TURÍSTICOS (DOS CASOS DEL SUDESTE ESPAÑOL)
D. CARMONA , R. TRAVÉ-MOLERO .............................................................................. 753
EL PATRIMONIO MINERO DE SAN NICOLAS DE VALLE DE
LA SERENA: INVESTIGACIÓN, AGRESIONES Y DESPROTECCIÓN.
J.J. MINAYA, A.D. LÓPEZ …………................................................................................. 767
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UNA PROPUESTA DE GESTIÓN PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN Y
PUESTA EN VALOR DEL PATRIMONIO FERROVIARIO EN LA
CUENCA DEL GUADIATO
P. ALLEPUZ, M.C. GARCÍA, F. VICENTE ……………………………….….……....... 789
EL SENDERO INTERNACIONAL DE LOS APALACHES, EL SENDERO
MÁS LARGO DEL MUNDO, UNIÓN DE PUEBLOS Y CULTURAS A
AMBOS LADOS DEL OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO
R. HERNÁNDEZ …………………………………………….………………………….… 805
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III. ÍNDICE DE AUTORES
AUTOR
PÁGINAS
AGUIAR, P.
ALFONSO, P.
ALIAS, M. A.
ALLEPUZ, P.
ALMANSA, E.
AMARÉ, M. P.
ANDREWS, P.
ARRUFAT, L.
481
177, 391, 403, 415, 423, 437
203
789
279
291
51
203
BARRERA, J. M.
BOIXEREU, E.
BRANDÃO, J. M.
BRAVO, F.
BRÜGMANN, G.
129
87
697
391, 403, 415, 423, 445
1
CALLAPEZ, P.
CANO, V. A.
CARDONA, V.
CARMONA, D.
CARVALHO, C. NETO DE
CHAMBINO, E.
CLIMENT, F.
COMENDADOR, B.
697
255
391, 403, 415, 423, 437
753
145
145
221, 289, 343, 391, 403, 415, 445
21
DE LA LLAVE, S.
DEL RAMO, A.
DÍAZ, C.
DUQUE, D. M.
601
187
203
63
ESCOBAR, A.
601
FANDOS, P.
FERNÁNDEZ, F. J.
FERNÁNDEZ, J.
FIGUEIREDO, E.
FONTE, J.
617, 645, 667
105
459
21
21, 481
GALLEGO-PRECIADOS, A.
GARCÍA, M.C.
717
255, 789
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GARCIA-VALLES, M.
GIL, A
GONZÁLEZ-NISTAL, S.
GRANDA, V.
GUILLÉN, F.
GUTIERREZ, G.
177
353, 373
499, 519
481
187, 203
459
HERNÁNDEZ, A.
HERNÁNDEZ, R.
HUNT, M. A.
279
805
63, 569
LIMA, A.
LLULL, B.
LÓPEZ, A.
481
569
767
MANSILLA, L.
MATIAS, R.
MINAYA, J. J.
MEUNIER, E.
MONTEIRO, A.
MOUTINHO, J.
MOYANO, A.
MUÑOZ, M.
MURILLO, J. M.
717
177, 221, 229, 289, 343, 391, 403, 415, 423,
437, 445
481, 499, 519
767
21
481
481
255
255
543
NESSEL, B.
1
ORCHE, E.
ORCHE, P.
291, 323
291, 323, 353, 373
PARCERISAS, D.
PASTOR, J.
PASTOR, J. D.
PASTOR, J. F.
PAVÓN, I.
PERELLÓ, L.
PÉREZ DE GUZMÁN, R.
PERNICKA, E.
PIRIZ, A.
PIZARRO A.
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391, 403, 415, 423, 437
737
737
737
63
569
353, 373
1
737
235
229, 423, 437
REBOLLADA, E.
RODRIGUES, J.
RODRÍGUEZ , A.
105
145
63
MATA-PERELLÓ, J. M.
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ROSILLO, J. F.
RUBIO, C.
RUÍZ, M.
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289, 343
255
SANCHEZ, A.
SANZ, J.
SILVA, J.
SILVESTRE, M.
SOS, A.
203
221, 229, 445
481
279
41
TAYLOR, R.
TORRAS, V.
TRAVÉ, R.
589
177
753
VICENTE, F.
VILALTELLA, J.
VINYES, J.
789
221, 229, 391, 403, 415, 423, 437, 445
289, 343
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TIN ISOTOPES AND THE SOURCES OF TIN IN THE EARLY
BRONZE AGE ÚNĚTICE CULTURE
B. NESSEL1; G. BRÜGMANN2; E. PERNICKA1,2
(1) Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
(2) Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie GmbH, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
RESUMEN:
El bronce, una aleación de Cu-Sn, aparece a principios del tercer milenio a.C., y se convirtió en epónimo
de un periodo de más de dos mil años de duración. Mientras se han hecho grandes progresos en relación
con la procedencia del cobre, el origen del estaño se mantiene como uno de los problemas más
persistentes de la investigación arqueológica. Además de las dificultades para, aplicando las técnicas
tradicionales textuales, geológicas y de evidencias arqueológicas, hallar depósitos minerales de estaño y
yacimientos con actividades productivas, explotados en épocas prehistóricas, incluso los enfoques
geoquímicos se han mostrado problemáticos al tratar de relacionar fuentes potenciales de mineral con
artefactos arqueológicos.
Ni los patrones de presencia y abundancia de elementos traza ni las composiciones de isótopos de plomo
ofrecen huellas dactilares definidas que permitan rastrear el origen del estaño hasta sus fuentes, sobre
todo cuando ha sido aleado con cobre. La composición isotópica del mismo estaño, en sus minerales y
aleaciones de bronce, puede ser una herramienta prometedora para obtener respuesta a las preguntas sin
resolver. En este trabajo se tratan cuestiones metodológicas relacionadas con la obtención de datos de
isótopos de estaño de objetos metálicos. También se presenta la primera investigación llevada a cabo
sobre isótopos de estaño en objetos metálicos de la Edad del Bronce Antiguo de la región de Halle
(Alemania), integrados en la centroeuropea Cultura de Ún tice. Los resultados indican que bronces de
diferentes depósitos y con contenido variable de estaño (entre 1 a 12 %, en peso) muestran un reducido
rango de composiciones isotópicas de estaño ĚĚδ 124Sn/120Sně = 0.24±0.04‰ě. Esas proporciones
isotópicas concuerdan bien con los datos publicados de minerales de casiterita de los montes Erzgebirge.
Así, parece posible que en la Cultura de Ún tice se utilizaran minerales de estaño locales, a pesar de que
no se tienen evidencias arqueológicas de minería prehistórica de estaño en esa región.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Cultura de Ún tice, ratios isotópicos de estaño -Sn-, Alemania central
ABSTRACT:
Bronze, a Cu-Sn alloy, occurred during the early third millennium B.C., and became an eponym for an
epoch lasting more than two thousand years. While great progress has been made concerning the
provenance of copper, the origin of tin remains as one of the knottiest problems in archaeology. Apart
from the difficulties to find tin deposits and production sites that were exploited in prehistoric times by
applying traditional textual, geological and archaeological evidence, even geochemical approaches
proved to be problematic, if one attempts to associate potential ore sources with archaeological artefacts.
Neither trace element concentrations and abundance patterns nor lead isotopic compositions offer defined
fingerprints that can trace tin back to its source, especially when alloyed with copper. The isotopic
composition of tin itself, in its ores and bronzes, may be a promising tool for answering the open
questions.
This paper discusses methodical issues in acquiring tin isotope data from metal objects. It also presents
the first tin isotopic research on Early Bronze Age metal artefacts from the region of Halle, Germany,
which belong to the central European Ún tice Culture. The results indicate that bronzes from different
hoards and with variable tin contents (1 to 12 wt. %) display a narrow range in the tin isotopic
composition Ěδ 124Sn/120Sně = 0.24±0.04‰ě. The isotope ratios agree well with published data of
cassiterites from the Erzgebirge. It seems thus likely that the Ún tice Culture used the local tin ores, even
though there is no archaeological evidence of prehistoric tin mining in this region.
KEY WORDS: Ún tice Culture, tin-Sn- isotope ratios, Central Germany
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INTRODUCTION
The archaeological Metal Ages are traditionally considered to begin with the Bronze
Age shortly before the beginning of the third millennium BC in the Mediterranean and
at the end of that century in Central Europe although copper smelting and the use of
lead and silver is attested long before that (e. g. Pernicka et al., 1990; Radivojević et al.,
2010). The first occurrence of copper with the typical fahlore signatures is directly
connected with the technology of smelting primary ores and can be dated to the
Eneolithic. The use of fahlore copper intensified in the Early Bronze Age and became
the predominant material to produce metal objects. At the End of the Early Bronze Age
the technological process for smelting chalcopyrite was developed. Chalcopyrite copper
was used instead of fahlore copper more or less immediately, which was followed by a
high intensive mining for this mineral in the Middle Bronze Age. The people of the Late
Bronze Age Urnfield Culture changed the ore usage pattern, and started to use fahlore
again in addition to mining after chalcopyrite. Material analyses of artifacts shows that
both materials were intentionally mixed during the smelting processes (Lutz y Pernicka,
2009).
If we go beyond the descriptive use of the term Bronze Age, we are bound to encounter
several questions that have been intensively discussed but never satisfactorily answered.
The provenance of Bronze Age tin is one of these unsolved research problems. Several
origins of tin have been suggested during a long research history: besides Anatolia
(Yener, 2008), also Lebanon, Serbia/Macedonia (McGeehan-Liritzis y Taylor, 1987;
Durman, 1997), Sardinia (Benvenuti et al., 2003; Lo Schiavo, 2003), Crete, southern
Greece and Egypt (Bertiou y Cleziou, 1982ě have been mentioned as Europe’s possible
tin suppliers. Similar suggestions have been made about the Caucasus, Turkmenistan
and Iran. Even very far away regions as Central Asia, Western China, Malaysia or
Nigeria (Dayton, 1971) were considered to be potential tin suppliers in prehistory.
These suggestions are tied to the discovery of several ancient tin mines. Some of them
are geologically feasible and some are not. When it comes to the tin sources used in the
Bronze Age in Central Europe currently Cornwall, the Erzgebirge, the Iberian Peninsula
or Bretagne seems to be most likely (Figure 1). But prehistoric mining activities,
especially from the European Bronze Age, have only been found in Cornwall (Tylecote
et al., 1989) and the Iberian Peninsula (Sos Baynat, 1967; Merideth, 1998; Merideth,
1998a; Montero Ruiz, 2010; Rodríguez Díaz et al., 2013). Nevertheless far more east in
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the Taurus Mountains (Muhly, 1993; Yener, 2008), Iran (Nezafati et al., 2006; Nezafati
et al., 2009) and Central Asia (Cierny et al., 2005; Boroffka y Parzinger, 2003) traces of
prehistoric mining activities have also been found.
Tin bronze was however not the first copper alloy: arsenic bronze dominates in the
fourth millennium BC in Central Europe as well as in the Mediterranean. If one
compares the mechanical properties of arsenic and tin bronze, the latter is the superior
alloy. Tin bronze is harder and stronger, and has overall better mechanical properties
than arsenic bronze. The most important argument for the invention of tin bronze is that
it constitutes an intentional alloy, while arsenic bronze is not. There is a fundamental
difference in the way these alloys were prepared. As a consequence, the composition of
tin bronze alloys can be controlled much more carefully. To control the composition of
arsenic bronze alloys is in comparison rather difficult.
Figure 1. Used tin sources in Central European Bronze Age cultures: 1 Cornwall; 2 Erzgebirge;
3 Bretagne; 4 Iberian Peninsula.
There are only few bronze objects from the first phase of the European Bronze Age, but
from around 1800 BC the majority of metal objects consists of bronze. In Asia, bronze
occurs early in the Indus valley but is relatively rare on the Iranian highland. It reaches
southern China and southeastern Asia only in the second millennium BC, although these
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regions have many tin deposits. It is tempting to assume that this vast distribution over a
relatively short time period was not accidental, but follows a certain pattern associated
with the emergence of more complex social organizations.
During the past decades, the isotopic composition of lead has been used successfully in
tracing Chalcolithic and Bronze Age metals back to their ore sources. The method
utilizes the fact that three of the four stable lead isotopes are continuously being
produced by the radioactive decay of omnipresent uranium and thorium in such a way
that the isotope abundance ratios are affected to a different degree. As a result, different
ores may contain lead with distinctly different abundance ratios, and since this isotopic
signature is only imperceptibly changed in all subsequent metallurgical steps on the way
from ore to artifact, different artifacts can also be expected to be distinguishable by the
isotopic composition of their lead (Pernicka et al., 1984). However, the applied method
does not reveal the provenance of the tin but rather of copper. This study reports the Sn
isotope ratios of international reference materials and of 13 bronze objects from two
Early Bronze Age hoards of the Ún tice Culture near Halle in Germany. An outline of
the analytical procedure and the data quality will be described and implications with
regard to the provenance of the tin will be discussed.
MATERIALS AND ANALYSES
ÚN TICE CULTURE
Within the search for the origin of Bronze Age tin, the Early Bronze Age in Central
Europe is in current focus. The Ún tice Culture is the main Early Bronze Age culture in
this area. The eponym necropolis is located in the Czech Republic in the vicinity of
Prague. Chronologically, the Ún tice Culture is dated between 2300 and 1500 BC and it
is generally divided into an early (A1, 2300-1900 BC) and a younger or classical phase
(A2, 1900-1500 BC). This chronology was established by the classification of the
archaeological material (e. g. Zich, 1996; Bartelheim, 1998) supported by
dendrochronology and radiocarbon dates (Becker et al., 1989). Typical Ún tice culture
materials are found between northern Lower Austria, the western part of Slovakia,
Moravia and Bohemia, the greater region of Middle Germany, Silesia and greater
Poland. The distribution area to the south is more or less limited by the Danube. Ten
subgroups tied to the specific regions mentioned have been established. One of them is
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the so called Central German or Saxon-Thuringian group, which is the focus of the
following discussion.
The majority of Ún tice settlements consists of several houses congregated in villages
or hamlets. Larger settlements, with ramparts and wooden fortifications are also known,
but they do not occur regularly (e. g. Müller et al., 2010). Ún tice graves can be divided
in two categories: flat graves and barrows. Skeletal inhumations were the most common
burial practice, but cremation graves also occurred in rare cases. The tumulus burials or
princly graves of Leubingen (1942 BC) and Helmsdorf (1840 ± 10 BC) are dated to the
younger or classical phase and can clearly be seen as graves for members of an already
established elite (Zich, 2006: 156). These elites probably controlled the rural economy,
which was characterized by agriculture and animal husbandry. More important may
have been the control over the rich and technologically advanced metal industry which
reached a first high point within the area of the Ún tice Culture. This metal industry
was not only active, it was also very innovative. Hoards with objects consisting mainly
of tin bronze, sometimes containing several hundred items like tools, jewelry, weapons
and ingots, appear in large numbers compared to other European regions. Most finished
products are cast and later revised by forging. Semi-finished objects and the majority of
ingots are lacking a revision.
Although the area of the Ún tice Culture comprises several potential ore sources, the
use of one or more specific mineral deposits, which can be directly connected to the
Early Bronze Age, have still not been identified via prospection or metal analyses.
However, import of raw metal from the copper mines in the eastern Alps is highly likely
(Lutz y Pernicka, 2009). If tin was also imported, in mineral or raw metal form, or if the
people of the Ún tice Culture mined it in the Erzgebirge or the Slovakian Carpathian
mountains is currently under discussion.
Systematic investigations of ores from the tin provinces in the Erzgebirge and Cornwall
demonstrate that the tin isotope ratios vary greatly. On the other hand, significant
differences between ores from diverse sources are also found (Haustein et al., 2010).
Previous investigations have shown, that the tin of the Sky Disc of Nebra most likely
derives from Cornwall rather than the much closer Erzgebirge (Haustein y Pernicka,
2008). Although this was only a pilot study, the approach is the foundation for the
procedure which is currently developed and established by our project to trace ancient
tin via isotopes. Since the Nebra Sky Disc was the first object, which has been
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investigated using tin-isotope analysis, it was reasonable to investigate archaeological
objects of a similar chronological position from neighboring regions in a next step.
The Early Bronze Age metal artifacts of the Saxon-Thuringian group of the Ún tice
Culture includes torques, flat and flange axes, triangular daggers, bracelets as well as
disk- and paddle-headed pins, which are distributed over a wide area of Central Europe
and beyond. Some of these objects, such as torques and curled rings have been found in
graves, but the bulk of the material is found in hoards, which can contain up to more
than six hundred pieces. Some hoards contain only one specific type of object, others
contain artifacts of different types. Nonmetallic items such as amber also occur in mixed
hoards and graves from the Early Bronze Age and the Ún tice Culture. Usually, most of
the items were deposited in a complete and undamaged state, which distinguishes Early
Bronze Age hoards from those of later periods.
The 13 chosen Early Bronze Age metal artifacts, used for the determination of Sn
isotopic composition, belong to the first hoard from Gröbers-Bennewitz in Saxony (v.
Brunn, 1959: 57) and to the hoards of Dieskau II and III in Saxony-Anhalt (v. Brunn,
1959: 55-56). The former hoard from Gröbers-Bennewitz contains 293 flanged axes, of
which four items have been analysed. In contrast, the mixed hoards of Dieskau contain
tools, jewelry and weapons. From Dieskau II in addition to a flanged axe, four bracelets
and a dagger were chosen to determine their isotopic composition. Furthermore, a
double axe and two bracelets from the Dieskau III hoard belong to the sample set of the
Ún tice bronzes.
DETERMINATION OF THE SN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION IN ARCHEOLOGICAL
TIN BRONZE OBJECTS
The fractionation of non-traditional stable isotopes such as those of Cu, Zn, Fe, etc. has
become an important tool in archeological, biological, earth, and environmental
sciences. In particular the development of multi-collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS) has
allowed the very precise determination of isotope ratios in a variety of samples
including meteorites, basalts, metals, and minerals which trace the redistribution of
metals during low and high temperature processes such as planet and core formation,
genesis of magmas and ore deposits, as well as smelting. In particular the ability of the
ICP source to ionize nearly all elements in the periodic table has given this technique a
distinct advantage over the traditional thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS).
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This is especially true for the case of tin. Its high ionization potential (7.3 eV) made
TIMS measurements of the isotope ratios with precisions of better than 1‰ very
difficult and early studies of archaeological and geological samples (bronze, cassiterite)
already showed that the isotopic fractionation is even smaller than that (Rosman et al.
1984; McNaughton/Rosman, 1991; Budd et al., 1995; Begemann et al., 1999; Gale,
1997; Yi et al., 1999). The introduction of the MC-ICP-MS triggered new
archaeological provenance studies fingerprinting Sn minerals and Sn-bronze (Cu-Sn
alloy) and tin isotope variations up to 0.55 ‰ per unit mass have been observed
(Lee/Halliday, 1995; Clayton et al., 2002; Haustein et al., 2010; Balliana et al., 2013;
Yamazaki et al., 2013).
MATERIALS AND SAMPLE PREPARATION
For analyses, commercially available single-element stock solutions of Sn (NIST 3161a,
Lot#070330, reference material provided by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology) and Sb (ICP–AES, Lot No. PSBH24/13, supplied by Spetec GmbH) were
diluted with 0.4 M HNO3 to solutions containing 1µg/ml Sn and Sb. The Sb standard is
used in order to correct the mass fractionation occurring in MC-ICP-MS analysis. There
is no certified isotopic reference material available for Sn analysis, therefore, an inhouse isotopic standard was prepared from an ultraclean tin metal (Puratronic, Johnson
Matthey, Batch W14222). All Sn isotope ratios given here are reported in δ notation
relative to this standard. Several studies have used this tin metal before as an in house
standard (an overview is given by Haustein et al., 2010). However, only a rough
comparison with published data is possible due to different normalization procedures,
use of variable Sb solutions and the use of different isotope ratios. For validation
purposes and in order to facilitate inter-laboratory comparison of the isotope data we
also determined the Sn isotopic composition of a certified international reference
material made of bronze such as BAM-211 (G-SnBz10, Lot 300, from the
Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung, Berlin).
The determination of the tin isotope composition in tin bronze necessitates a complex
sample preparation including the dissolution of the sample and the isolation of Sn from
the matrix components. The digestion and separation procedures were done in a Class
100 clean laboratory at the Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum für Archäometrie in Mannheim,
Germany.
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About 1-15 mg of bronze samples were dissolved overnight in 6 N HCl and H2O2 at
90°C in closed Savillex® pressure vials. In order to minimize matrix effects and to
avoid isobaric interferences during the measurement it is necessary to purify the bronze
solutions which contain >80 wt. % Cu but may also have high and variable
concentrations of Fe, Pb, As, Sb, and Cd. The chemical isolation of Sn was achieved
with the anion-exchanger TRU-Resin (particle size: 50-100 µm, Eichrom Technologies,
Inc., #TRU-B50-S) which strongly retains Sn on the resin in HCl solutions while most
other metals will pass through (Huff/Huff, 1993).
Tin can be effectively eluted by equilibrating the resin with HNO3. Our
chromatographic protocol has been optimized with solutions of BAM211 and it turns
out to be similar to that of Balliana et al. (2013) and Yamazaki et al. (2013). The
recovery rate of the separation procedure for Sn determined with the BAM211 reference
material is 100±4 %; this is within the analytical uncertainty of the analyses which have
been made by ICP-OES (iCAP 7200, Thermo Scientific, Bremen).
TIN ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS BY MC-ICP-MS
A Thermo Fisher Scientific Neptune Plus (Bremen, Germany) MC-ICP-MS was used
for all measurements. It was operating in low resolution mode and is equipped with 9
Faraday cups and a combination of cyclonic and Scott-type spray chambers with a 100
µL/min PFA nebulizer. Tin has ten isotopes (masses 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 122, 124), however, only the intensities of the most abundant masses of tin (>116)
together with 121Sb and 123Sb were simultaneously collected by the 9 Faraday cups. For
one analysis 100 measurements with an 8.4 integration time were taken. The
measurements followed a sequence of blank-standard-blank-sample-blank-standardblank, and in order to minimize memory effects the system was rinsed with 0.4 N HNO3
for 10 minutes after each sample and standard analysis. Each measurement session
included the analysis of up to 22 standards and 11 samples and lasted 20 hours. On-line
the measured intensities were blank corrected, but the calculation of the isotope ratios,
the instrumental mass bias correction and the removal of outliers based on 2σ tests were
done off-line. The mass bias correction followed the regression procedure described by
Baxter et al. (2006).
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION
MATERIAL
OF
STANDARD
AND
REFERENCE
The Sn isotope ratios monitored during the study have the most abundant
as
124
denominator
(
116
Sn/
120
Sn,
117
120
Sn/
Sn,
118
120
Sn/
Sn,
119
Sn/
120
Sn,
120
Sn isotope
122
Sn/120Sn,
Sn/120Sn) and –in order to facilitate a comparison with previous data (Haustein et al.,
2010)- 122Sn/116Sn and 117Sn/119Sn are calculated as well. The uncertainty of these ratios
in the in-house standard JMC during single measurements ranges from 0.005 to 0.04 ‰
(2SE). During a measurement session (22 measurements) the isotope ratios commonly
reproduce on the delta scale from about to 0.01 to 0.05 ‰ Ě2RSDě. The reference
solution NIST3161a and the bronze BAM211 display similar uncertainties on the delta
scale Ě0.01 to 0.06 ‰ě ĚFigure 2). The isotope data of BAM211 represent the average of
12 different dissolutions, thus its analytical variation represents the combined analytical
uncertainty of the Sn isotope analysis. Both reference materials indicate distinct isotope
fractionation and are enriched in light isotopes relative to the in-house JMC standard to
different degrees ĚBAM211: 0.013‰ per unit mass; NIST 3161a: 0.030 ‰ per unit
mass; Figure 2). Similar light isotope enrichment in NIST3161a has been observed by
Yamazaki et al. (2013), however, the relationship between their and our in-house
standards is not known.
Figure 2. Summary of analytical errors and tin isotopic compositions international reference materials
(BAM211, NIST3161a) and Cu-alloys from the Gröbers-Bennewitz and Dieskau finds. Error bars
represent 2 standard deviations (2SD) of the average value of single isotope ratios. X denotes
the mass of 116Sn, 117Sn, 118Sn, 119Sn, 122Sn, and 124Sn.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ÚN TICE BRONZE ARTEFACTS
In a pilot study the hoards of Dieskau II and III and Gröbers-Bennewitz near Halle in
Germany have been selected for the determination of the tin isotopic composition
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because of their different chemical composition. In a systematic study of the
composition of Early Bronze Age metal finds from Central Germany, Lutz and Pernicka
(2009) observed that about 90 % of the bronze artefacts were made by smelting fahlore.
Such alloys are characterized by high concentrations of As and Sb (>1 wt.%) and about
1 wt.%. Ag. In particular the early finds have rather high Ni contents (>0.1 wt.%).
These are typical features of the artefacts of the Dieskau III bronzes, although Dieskau
II also contains a couple of low Ni objects (Figure 3). In contrast, the GröbersBennewitz objects have systematically lower Sb, Ag (<1 wt.%), and Ni contents (<0.1
wt. %; Figure 3). These differences indicate that different Cu ore types had been used
by the ancient smelters when producing the alloys of the two finds.
Figure 3. The chemical composition of bronze metal from the Gröbers-Bennewitz and Dieskau finds.
Note the significantly lower Sb and Ni contents in the objects from Gröbers-Bennewitz compared with
those of the Dieskau hoard. Unpublished data from the DFG-project Aufbruch zu neuen Horizonten. Die
Funde von Nebra, Sachsen-Anhalt, und ihre Bedeutung für die Bronzezeit Europas.
The Sn distribution also differs among the two finds. The Dieskau samples have highly
variable Sn contents (<0.1 to 11 wt.%), but in the Gröbers-Bennewitz artefacts it is
rather constant and ranges only from 1.9 wt.% to 6.1 wt.%. For this study we focused on
Sn samples having more than 1.0 wt.% Sn.
TIN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF BRONZE ARTEFACTS FROM THE
ÚN TICE CULTURE: THE PROVENANCE PROBLEM
Figure 2 summarizes the isotopic composition of the bronze artefacts from the GröbersBennewitz und Dieskau finds. Both sample sets display the same fractionation behavior
in that they are enriched in the heavy isotopes. In addition, the extent of fractionation is
identical within analytical error. For example, the average δ124Sn/120Sn for Gröbers10
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Bennewitz is 0.211± 0.037 ‰ and this is indistinguishable from that of Dieskau (δ
124
Sn/120Sn = 0.254 ± 0.037 ‰ě.
Figure 4 shows the variation of the δ124Sn/120Sn values as a function of the chemical
composition of the bronze alloys. Although three flanged axes tend to have lower ratios,
an overall systematic relationship between chemical and isotopic composition cannot be
recognized as, for example, Ni poor and Ni-rich metals show a similar range of
δ124Sn/120Sn values. In addition, the isotopic composition cannot discriminate between
objects with different functions (jewelry, weapon, tools, and ingots). Thus, although the
chemical composition suggests different sources of the Cu ores for the different finds,
tin appears to be derived from a single ore source (or from ore types which have similar
isotopic compositions).
Figure 4. Tin isotopic composition of metal alloys from the Gröbers-Bennewitz and Dieskau finds. Error
bars represent 2 standard deviation of the average value. The cross symbol represents the 2SD combined
uncertainty as determined from replicate analyses of reference material BAM211 (see Figure 2).
The concentration of hoards in the Ún tice area of central Germany containing mainly
tin bronze objects may lead one to suspect that tin originated from the two largest tin
deposits in Europe, namely those of the Erzgebirge in eastern Germany and those of
Cornwall and Devon in southern England. Recently Haustein et al. (2010) published
about 80 tin isotope analyses of cassiterite from different deposits in these two regions
(Figure 5). Cassiterites from both tin provinces show a large variation of δ122Sn/116Sn
and δ117Sn/119Sn values. The ores of the Erzgebirge tend to have lighter tin isotopic
compositions (δ122Sn/116Sn = 0.34±0.36 ‰ě than those of southern England
(δ 122Sn/116Sn = 0.48±0.51 ‰ě, although there is a substantial overlap of the values.
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Figure 5. Comparison of the tin isotopic composition of Cu-alloys from the Gröbers-Bennewitz and
Dieskau finds with those of tin deposits from the Erzgebirge and Cornwall. Data for ore deposit are from
Haustein et al. (2010). The cross symbol represents the 2SD combined uncertainty as determined from
replicate analyses of the reference material BAM211 (see Figure 2).
The Ún tice bronzes have isotopic compositions that plot in the core area defined by the
data from the Erzgebirge (δ122Sn/116Sn = 0.17 ± 0.07 ‰ě. There are only a few data
from Cornwall overlapping with those of Ún tice. Thus, it seems possible that the
Ún tice Culture exploited the local tin ores in order to produce tools, jewellery and
weapons made of tin bronze.
CONCLUSION
In our ERC funded multidisciplinary project Bronze Age Tin a new geochemical
approach is combined with prehistoric archaeology, ancient history and geology to
decipher the sources of tin and the origin of bronze technology in the third and second
millennium BC. The project aims to expand and substantiate published tin isotope
compositions and uses MC-ICP-MS to analyze ore samples of the known tin deposits in
the Old World. This new promising method in combination with archaeological data
will lead to a deeper knowledge of the production, distribution and consumption of tin
bronze in the Bronze Age. The variation of isotope ratios in a variety of samples of
metals and minerals can be used to trace the redistribution of metals during low and
high temperature processes such as the genesis of ore deposits, as well as smelting. To
get an idea of raw material supply and trade routes in Prehistory, provenance studies
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and fingerprinting of Sn-minerals and Sn-bronzes as well as tin isotope variations need
to be determined.
Hitherto the chemical and isotopic composition of 13 bronze items of the Early Bronze
Age Ún tice Culture have been analysed. Among the sampled items were flange axes,
bracelets, a dagger and a double axe. Even if all this artefacts came from different
hoards, actually they represent objects of everyday life and Bronze Age fashion. The
results of the chemical analyses show that the Sn contents of the bronzes are higher than
1 wt.%. Since those high values are not expected in at that time widely used fahlore
assemblages, the intentional addition of Sn to the alloy during the smelting process is
likely.
The determination of Sn isotope ratios in the items show similar isotopic compositions
as data from ore samples of the Erzgebirge. Although there is an overlap with ore from
Cornwall, this is only applicable for very few data. Thus, it seems likely that at least in
the area of the Saxon-Thuringian group of the Ún tice Culture tin ores from the near
Erzgebirge were used to produce items of tin bronze. Especially since there is no
evidence for Bronze Age or even prehistoric mining activities, an exploitation of local
ore sources need to be reconsidered. Besides that, the results emphasize once more the
extraordinary meaning of the Sky Disc of Nebra, whose Sn isotope ratios match well
with Cornwall tin ore samples.
This suggests that in the Ún tice Culture for the production of items, which were used
in everyday life, the close by ore sources of the Erzgebirge have been exploited, while
the raw material for prestige items or those of religious significance were probably
chosen carefully and maybe selected using specific criteria. Apparently the selection of
an appropriate alloy did not exclude far away regions as suppliers, but was possibly
related to the nature of the specific item. To describe the selection mechanisms of raw
material in European Bronze Age communities more in detail, is left to future research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the conference organizers and the city of Logrosán for the kind
invitation to the XV Congreso International sobre Patrimonio Geológico y Minero in
Logrosán. We also owe thanks to Dr. Mark A. Hunt Ortiz and the colleagues of the
Museo Geológico-Minero Vicente Sos Baynat for their unlimited support in Logrosan
and further cooperation.
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Furthermore, we have to thank the European Research Council for the financial support
of the project (Advanced Grant 323861 for Ernst Pernicka) and Dr. J. Lutz for kindly
providing unpublished data of chemical analyses and interpretations of some Ún tice
bronzes, analysed in the former project Aufbruch zu neuen Horizonten. Die Funde von
Nebra, Sachsen-Anhalt, und ihre Bedeutung für die Bronzezeit Europas (FOR 550).
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Ernst Pernicka
Bianka Nessel